Vertical concepts

SBM

The Table below shows the parameters (fields) of struct SBM, including a description of these parameters, the unit, and default value if applicable. The parameters in bold represent model parameters that can be set through static and forcing input data (netCDF), and can be listed in the TOML configuration file under [input.vertical], to map the internal model parameter to the external netCDF variable. For some input parameters the parameter listed under [input.vertical] is not equal to the internal model parameter, these are listed in the Table below between parentheses after the internal model parameter. For example, internal model parameter sl is mapped as follows in the TOML file to the external netCDF variable Sl:

[input.vertical]
specific_leaf = "Sl"

Different vertical hydraulic conductivity depth profiles: exponential (default), exponential_constant, layered and layered_exponential can be provided through the TOML file. Below an example for the exponential_constant profile:

[input.vertical]
ksat_profile = "exponential_constant"

For the exponential profile the input parameters kv_0 and f are used. For the exponential_constant profile kv_0 and f are used, and z_exp is required as input. For the layered profile, input parameter kv is used, and for the layered_exponential profile kv is used and z_layered is required as input.

Parameter Description Unit Default
cfmax degree-day factor mm ᵒC\(^{-1}\) Δt\(^{-1}\) 3.75653 mm ᵒC\(^{-1}\) day\(^{-1}\)
tt threshold temperature for snowfall ᵒC 0.0
tti threshold temperature interval length ᵒC 1.0
ttm threshold temperature for snowmelt ᵒC 0.0
whc water holding capacity as fraction of current snow pack - 0.1
w_soil soil temperature smooth factor - 0.1125
cf_soil controls soil infiltration reduction factor when soil is frozen - 0.038
g_ttm threshold temperature for glacier melt ᵒC 0.0
g_cfmax Degree-day factor for glacier mm ᵒC\(^{-1}\) Δt\(^{-1}\) 3.0 mm ᵒC\(^{-1}\) day\(^{-1}\)
g_sifrac fraction of the snowpack on top of the glacier converted into ice Δt\(^{-1}\) 0.001 day\(^{-1}\)
glacierfrac fraction covered by a glacier - 0.0
glacierstore water within the glacier mm 5500.0
theta_s saturated water content (porosity) - 0.6
theta_r residual water content - 0.01
kv_0 Vertical hydraulic conductivity at soil surface mm Δt\(^{-1}\) 3000.0 mm day\(^{-1}\)
kv Vertical hydraulic conductivity per soil layer mm Δt\(^{-1}\) 1000.0 mm day\(^{-1}\)
f scaling parameter (controls exponential decline of kv_0) mm\(^{-1}\) 0.001
z_exp Depth from soil surface for which exponential decline of kv_0 is valid mm -
z_layered Depth from soil surface for which layered profile (of layered_exponential) is valid mm -
hb air entry pressure of soil (Brooks-Corey) cm -10.0
soilthickness soil thickness mm 2000.0
infiltcappath infiltration capacity of the compacted areas mm Δt\(^{-1}\) 10.0 mm day\(^{-1}\)
infiltcapsoil soil infiltration capacity mm Δt\(^{-1}\) 100.0 mm day\(^{-1}\)
maxleakage maximum leakage from saturated zone mm Δt\(^{-1}\) 0.0 mm day\(^{-1}\)
c Brooks-Corey power coefficient for each soil layer - 10.0
kvfrac multiplication factor applied to kv_z (vertical flow) - 1.0
waterfrac fraction of open water (excluding rivers) - 0.0
pathfrac fraction of compacted area - 0.01
rootingdepth rooting depth mm 750.0
rootfraction fraction of the root length density in each soil layer - -
h1 soil water pressure head h1 of the root water uptake reduction function (Feddes) cm 0.0 cm
h2 soil water pressure head h2 of the root water uptake reduction function (Feddes) cm -100.0 cm
h3_high soil water pressure head h3_high of the root water uptake reduction function (Feddes) cm -400.0 cm
h3_low soil water pressure head h3_low of the root water uptake reduction function (Feddes) cm -1000.0 cm
h4 soil water pressure head h4 of the root water uptake reduction function (Feddes) cm -15849.0 cm
alpha_h1 root water uptake reduction at soil water pressure head h1 (0.0 or 1.0) - 1.0
rootdistpar controls how roots are linked to water table - -500.0
cap_hmax water depth beyond which capillary flux ceases mm 2000.0
cap_n coefficient controlling capillary rise - 2.0
kc crop coefficient Kc - 1.0
sl (specific_leaf) specific leaf storage mm -
swood (storage_wood) storage woody part of vegetation mm -
kext extinction coefficient (to calculate canopy gap fraction) - -
cmax maximum canopy storage mm 1.0
e_r (eoverr) Gash interception model parameter - 0.1
canopygapfraction canopy gap fraction - 0.1
dt model time step s -
maxlayers maximum number of soil layers - -
n number of grid cells - -
nlayers number of soil layers - -
n_unsatlayers number of unsaturated soil layers - -
nlayers_kv number of soil layers with vertical hydraulic conductivity value kv - -
riverfrac fraction of river - -
act_thickl thickness of soil layers mm -
sumlayers cumulative sum of soil layers thickness, starting at soil surface mm -
stemflow stemflow mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
throughfall throughfall mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
ustorelayerdepth amount of water in the unsaturated store, per layer mm -
satwaterdepth saturated store mm -
zi pseudo-water table depth (top of the saturated zone) mm -
soilwatercapacity soilwater capacity mm -
canopystorage canopy storage mm -
precipitation precipitation mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
temperature temperature ᵒC -
potential_evaporation potential reference evapotranspiration mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
pottrans interception subtracted from potential evapotranspiration mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
transpiration transpiration mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
ae_ustore actual evaporation from unsaturated store mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
interception interception loss by evaporation mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
soilevap total soil evaporation from unsaturated and saturated store mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
soilevapsat soil evaporation from saturated store mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
actcapflux actual capillary rise mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
actevapsat actual transpiration from saturated store mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
actevap total actual evapotranspiration mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
runoff_river runoff from river based on riverfrac mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
runoff_land runoff from land based on waterfrac mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
ae_openw_l actual evaporation from open water (land) mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
ae_openw_r actual evaporation from river mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
net_runoff_river net runoff from river (runoff_river - ae_openw_r) mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
avail_forinfilt water available for infiltration mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
actinfilt actual infiltration into the unsaturated zone mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
actinfiltsoil actual infiltration into non-compacted fraction mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
actinfiltpath actual infiltration into compacted fraction mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
infiltsoilpath infiltration into the unsaturated zone mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
infiltexcess infiltration excess water mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
excesswater water that cannot infiltrate due to saturated soil (saturation excess) mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
exfiltsatwater water exfiltrating during saturation excess conditions mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
exfiltustore water exfiltrating from unsaturated store because of change in water table mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
excesswatersoil excess water for non-compacted fraction mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
excesswaterpath excess water for compacted fraction mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
runoff total surface runoff from infiltration and saturation excess mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
net_runoff net surface runoff (runoff - ae_openw_l) mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
vwc volumetric water content per soil layer (including theta_r and saturated zone) - -
vwc_perc volumetric water content per soil layer (including theta_r and saturated zone) % -
rootstore root water storage in unsaturated and saturated zone (excluding theta_r) mm -
vwc_root volumetric water content in root zone (including theta_r and saturated zone) - -
vwc_percroot volumetric water content in root zone (including theta_r and saturated zone) % -
ustoredepth total amount of available water in the unsaturated zone mm -
transfer downward flux from unsaturated to saturated zone mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
recharge net recharge to saturated zone mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
actleakage actual leakage from saturated store mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
snow snow storage mm -
snowwater liquid water content in the snow pack mm -
rainfallplusmelt snowmelt + precipitation as rainfall mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
tsoil top soil temperature ᵒC -
leaf_area_index leaf area index m\(^2\) m\(^{-2}\) -
waterlevel_land water level land mm -
waterlevel_river water level river mm -
total_storage total water storage (excluding floodplains, lakes and reservoirs) mm -
paddy optional paddy (rice) fields of type Paddy (water demand and irrigation) - -
nonpaddy optional non-paddy fields of type NonPaddy (water demand and irrigation) - -
domestic optional domestic water demand of type NonIrrigationDemand - -
livestock optional livestock water demand of type NonIrrigationDemand - -
industry optional industry water demand of type NonIrrigationDemand - -
allocation optional water allocation of type AllocationLand - -

Water demand and allocation

Paddy

The Table below shows the parameters (fields) of struct Paddy, including a description of these parameters, the unit, and default value if applicable. The parameters in bold represent model parameters that can be set through static and forcing input data (netCDF), and can be listed in the TOML configuration file under [input.vertical.paddy], to map the internal model parameter to the external netCDF variable.

parameter description unit default
demand_gross irrigation gross demand mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
irrigation_efficiency irrigation efficiency - -
maximum_irrigation_rate maximum irrigation rate mm Δt\(^{-1}\) 25.0 mm day\(^{-1}\)
irrigation_areas irrigation areas - -
irrigation_trigger irrigation on or off (boolean) - -
h_min minimum required water depth in the irrigated paddy fields mm 20.0
h_opt optimal water depth in the irrigated paddy fields mm 50.0
h_max water depth when paddy field starts spilling water (overflow) mm 80.0
h actual water depth in paddy field mm -

Non-paddy

The Table below shows the parameters (fields) of struct NonPaddy, including a description of these parameters, the unit, and default value if applicable. The parameters in bold represent model parameters that can be set through static and forcing input data (netCDF), and can be listed in the TOML configuration file under [input.vertical.nonpaddy], to map the internal model parameter to the external netCDF variable.

parameter description unit default
demand_gross irrigation gross demand mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
irrigation_efficiency irrigation efficiency - -
maximum_irrigation_rate maximum irrigation rate mm Δt\(^{-1}\) 25.0 mm day\(^{-1}\)
irrigation_areas irrigation areas - -
irrigation_trigger irrigation on or off (boolean) - -

Non-irrigation (industry, domestic and livestock)

The Table below shows the parameters (fields) of struct NonIrrigationDemand, including a description of these parameters, the unit, and default value if applicable. The parameters in bold represent model parameters that can be set through static and forcing input data (netCDF). These parameters can be listed for the sectors industry, domestic and livestock, in the TOML configuration file under [input.vertical.industry], [input.vertical.domestic] and [input.vertical.livestock], to map the internal model parameter to the external netCDF variable.

parameter description unit default
demand_gross gross industry water demand mm Δt\(^{-1}\) 0.0
demand_net net industry water demand mm Δt\(^{-1}\) 0.0
returnflow_fraction return flow fraction - -
returnflow return flow mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -

Water allocation land

The Table below shows the parameters (fields) of struct AllocationLand, including a description of these parameters, the unit, and default value if applicable. The parameters in bold represent model parameters that can be set through static and forcing input data (netCDF), and can be listed in the TOML configuration file under [input.vertical.allocation], to map the internal model parameter to the external netCDF variable.

parameter description unit default
irri_demand_gross irrigation gross demand mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
nonirri_demand_gross non-irrigation gross demand mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
total_gross_demand total gross demand mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
frac_sw_used fraction surface water used - 1.0
areas allocation areas - 1
surfacewater_demand demand from surface water mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
surfacewater_alloc allocation from surface water mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
act_groundwater_abst actual groundwater abstraction mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
act_groundwater_abst_vol actual groundwater abstraction m\(^3\) Δt\(^{-1}\) -
available_groundwater available groundwater m\(^3\) -
groundwater_demand groundwater_demand mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
groundwater_alloc allocation from groundwater mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
irri_alloc allocated water for irrigation mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
nonirri_alloc allocated water for non-irrigation mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
total_alloc total allocated water mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
nonirri_returnflow return flow from non-irrigation mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -

Sediment

The Table below shows external parameters that can be set through static input data (netCDF), and can be listed in the TOML configuration file under [input.vertical]. These external parameters are not part of struct LandSediment, but used to calculate parameters of struct LandSediment.

Parameter Description Unit Default
pclay percentage clay % 0.1
psilt percentage silt % 0.1
resareas reservoir coverage - -
lakeareas lake coverage - -

The Table below shows the parameters (fields) of struct LandSediment, including a description of these parameters, the unit, and default value if applicable. The parameters in bold represent model parameters that can be set through static and forcing input data (netCDF), and can be listed in the TOML configuration file under [input.vertical], to map the internal model parameter to the external netCDF variable. For some input parameters the parameter listed under [input.vertical] is not equal to the internal model parameter, these are listed in the Table below between parentheses after the internal model parameter. For example, internal model parameter sl is mapped as follows in the TOML file to the external netCDF variable Sl:

[input.vertical]
specific_leaf = "Sl"
Parameter Description Unit Default
canopyheight canopy height m 3.0
erosk coefficient for EUROSEM rainfall erosion - 0.6
erosspl exponent for EUROSEM rainfall erosion - 2.0
erosov coefficient for ANSWERS overland flow erosion - 0.9
pathfrac fraction of impervious area per grid cell - 0.01
slope land slope - 0.01
usleC USLE crop management factor - 0.01
usleK USLE soil erodibility factor - 0.1
sl (specific_leaf) specific leaf storage mm -
swood (storage_wood) storage woody part of vegetation mm -
kext extinction coefficient (to calculate canopy gap fraction) - -
cmax maximum canopy storage mm 1.0
canopygapfraction canopy gap fraction - 0.1
dmclay median diameter particle size class clay µm 2.0
dmsilt median diameter particle size class silt µm 10.0
dmsand median diameter particle size class sand µm 200.0
dmsagg median diameter particle size class small aggregates µm 30.0
dmlagg median diameter particle size class large aggregates µm 500.0
rhos (rhosed) density of sediment kg m\(^{-3}1\) 2650.0
n number of cells - -
yl length of cells in y direction m -
xl length of cells in x direction m -
riverfrac fraction of river - -
wbcover waterbody coverage - -
h_land depth of overland flow m -
interception canopy interception mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
precipitation precipitation mm Δt\(^{-1}\) -
q_land overland flow m\(^3\) s\(^{-1}\) -
sedspl sediment eroded by rainfall ton Δt\(^{-1}\) -
sedov sediment eroded by overland flow ton Δt\(^{-1}\) -
soilloss total eroded soil ton Δt\(^{-1}\) -
erosclay eroded soil for particle class clay ton Δt\(^{-1}\) -
erossilt eroded soil for particle class silt ton Δt\(^{-1}\) -
erossand eroded soil for particle class sand ton Δt\(^{-1}\) -
erossagg eroded soil for particle class small aggregates ton Δt\(^{-1}\) -
eroslagg eroded soil for particle class large aggregates ton Δt\(^{-1}\) -
leaf_area_index leaf area index m\(^2\) m\(^{-2}\) -
dl drain length m -
dw flow width m -
cGovers Govers transport capacity coefficient - -
nGovers Govers transport capacity coefficient - -
D50 median particle diameter of the topsoil mm -
fclay fraction of particle class clay - -
fsilt fraction of particle class silt - -
fsand fraction of particle class sand - -
fsagg fraction of particle class small aggregates - -
flagg fraction of particle class large aggregates - -
rivcell river cells - -
TCsed total transport capacity of overland flow ton Δt\(^{-1}\) -
TCclay transport capacity of overland flow for particle class clay ton Δt\(^{-1}\) -
TCsilt transport capacity of overland flow for particle class silt ton Δt\(^{-1}\) -
TCsand transport capacity of overland flow for particle class sand ton Δt\(^{-1}\) -
TCsagg transport capacity of overland flow for particle class small aggregates ton Δt\(^{-1}\) -
TClagg transport capacity of overland flow for particle class large aggregates ton Δt\(^{-1}\) -
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